Appendix A — Money

Scientific work depends on money, but different sources and mechanisms of funding create different political relationships, incentives, and vulnerabilities.

A.1 Where Scientific Money Comes From

• Public appropriations and agencies
• Universities and research institutions
• Philanthropy and nonprofit organizations
• Industry and private capital
• Procurement, prizes, and other mechanisms

A.2 What Funding Structures Reward

• How money shapes research agendas
• Short time horizons and measurable outputs
• Risk, uncertainty, and intellectual independence
• Geographic and institutional concentration

A.3 Money as Political Leverage

• Budget threats and institutional compliance
• Dependence, resilience, and diversified support
• Public accountability without political capture

This appendix is under development.